英文版 近代西方科学史.pptVIP

一、Renaissance of the 12th Century 二、Scientific Revolution 三、Age of Enlightenment 四、Modern Science The Renaissance of the 12th century was a period of the many changes at the outset of the High Middle Ages. It included social, political and economic transformations, and an intellectual revitalization of Western Europe with strong philosophical and scientific roots. These changes paved the way to later achievements such as the literary and artistic movement of the Italian Renaissance in the 15th century and the scientific developments of the 17th century Scientific revolution The scientific revolution was the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed views of society and nature.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] According to traditional accounts, the scientific revolution began in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance era and continued through the late 18th century, influencing the intellectual social movement known as the Enlightenment. Scientific Revolution Age of Enlightenment The Age of Enlightenment was a European affair. The 17th century Age of Reason opened the avenues to the decisive steps towards modern science, which took place during the 18th century Age of Enlightenment. Directly based on the works[97] of Newton, Descartes, Pascal and Leibniz, the way was now clear to the development of modern mathematics, physics and technology by the generation of Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790), Leonhard Euler (1707–1783), Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765) and Jean le Rond dAlembert (1717–1783), epitomized in the appearance of Denis Diderots Encyclopédie between 1751 and 1772. Modern science The Scientific Revolution established science as a source for the growth of knowledge. During the 19th century, the practice of science became professionalized and institutionalized in ways that continued through the 20th century. As the role of scientific knowledg