曼昆经济原理(微观部分)第9章 应用：国际贸易.ppt

0 内容提要 有各种限制贸易的观点：保护工作岗位、保卫国家安全、帮助幼稚产业、防治不公平竞争以及对外国的贸易限制做出反应。 尽管这些观点在某些情况下有些道理，但经济学家相信，自由贸易通常是一种更好的政策。 * The notation PW and PD introduced here is not in the textbook. * Trade benefits soybean producers because they can sell at a higher price. Producer surplus rises by the area B + D. Trade makes domestic buyers worse off because they have to pay a higher price. Consumer surplus falls by the area B. The gains to producers are greater than the losses to consumers, so trade increases total welfare: total surplus rises by the amount D. * Trade benefits soybean producers because they can sell at a higher price. Producer surplus rises by the area B + D. Trade makes domestic buyers worse off because they have to pay a higher price. Consumer surplus falls by the area B. The gains to producers are greater than the losses to consumers, so trade increases total welfare: total surplus rises by the amount D. * The tariff benefits domestic producers by allowing them to sell for a higher price. Producer surplus increases by C. The tariff makes consumers worse off because they have to pay a higher price. Consumer surplus falls by C + D + E + F. The tariff generates revenue for the government equal to E. The losses from the tariff exceed the gains, so total welfare falls. The tariff reduces total surplus by (D + F). * In December 2005, thousands of protestors gathered outside the meeting place of the World Trade Organization talks in Hong Kong. Some protests turned violent, and police made 900 arrests. Mankiw addresses the issue of opposition to trade very nicely in the “Ask the Author” video for Chapter 3. The “Ask the Author” videos are available at the textbook website. You may need a username and password; you can get them from your Cengage/South-Western sales rep. There is one “Ask the Author” video clip per chapter. Each video is about 2 minutes. In each, Mankiw addresses a question submitted by a student. I encourage you