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Hygiene - Introduction ENVR 890 Mark D. Sobsey Spring, 2007 Hygiene Promotion: One of the Big Five to Reduce Diarrheal Disease Hygiene: The Importance and Impact of Handwashing Handwashing with soap and water after contact with fecal material can reduce diarrheal diseases by 42%% or more Curtis, V and S. Cairncross (2003) Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003 May;3(5):275-81. Washing Hands One of the most effective behaviors to prevent diarrhoea, roundworm and whipworm. Rarely done at the most crucial times and rarely done most effectively (with soap). (Is soap really needed?) Hands get most dangerously contaminated fron human faces and soil (possibly containing worm eggs). Crucial times for handwashing to reduce transmissions are: after defecation and after contact with children’s faeces before handling food and after handling high risk food such as raw meat before eating and before feeding children before handling water. Effective handwashing requires thorough rubbing of the hands while using soap and sufficient water to rinse it off. If soap is not available, ash or earth is nearly as effective Water alone is effective, especially of water is clean Cleaning fingernails Closely related to handwashing. Handwashing does not ensure fingernails get cleaned Clean fingernails are particularly important when food is consumed or fed to infants using fingers Clean fingernails have an aesthetic value Handwashing and cleaning fingernails also play a role in the prevention of eye and skin infections, such as scabies.? When wiping infected eyes or scratching itching infected skin, bacteria or mites can settle on fingers and hence be transmitted. ?Keeping fingernails clean requires them to be kept short and brushed regularly. Washing the body (bathing) Important for preventing skin infections like scabies (caused by small mites living under the skin), and ringworm (a fungal infection). Als