大学英语修辞学第三章.pptVIP

I. Answer the questions: 1. Talk about the most outstanding rhetoricians in Ancient Greece—What contribution did they make to the founding of Western rhetoric? 2. What do you know about Aristotle’s rhetorical books? 2.1.4 Roman rhetoriciansand their theory Marcus Tullius Cicero (106--43 B. C.) 西塞罗 Roman statesman, orator, and writer Cicero’s influence had special significance during the Renaissance, with its emphasis on the humanistic training of clergy and statesmen. at least seven rhetorical treatises, suggested three levels of style: High style: to move the audience; Middle style: to delight/persuade the audience; Low style: to teach the audience Best known for his Institutio Oratoria (Education of an Orator)《演说家的教育》 in 12 books, a comprehensive treatment of the art of rhetoric and the training of an orator Quintilian’s style is among the most beautiful in his period. Cicero and Quintilian’s Joint contribution: Theory of Five Arts（五艺说） Invention discovery of valid or seemingly valid arguments: who, what, when, where, how and why. Arrangement how to organize the proofs effectively. Style effective sentences, clarity, force and beauty and using figures of speech. Memory art of committing the speech to memory by mnemonic devices. Delivery art of speaking: speaker’s pose, tone, gesture, facial expression, etc. 2.2 Rhetoric in the Middle Ages Characterized by strong belief in Christianity. To move a congregation to accept Christianity, the clergy ornamented sermons and letters with “figures”. Two prominent developments: 1. Rhetoric became both a practical art and an academic subject. 2. Style began to assume greater importance, together with delivery dominating the other three arts. St. Augustine (354-430) His writings such as Confessions and the City of God dominated subseuent Western theology. During the years 373 and 374, Augustine taught grammar at Thagaste. The following year he moved to Carthage to conduct a school of rhetoric. In