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CONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION: PRACTICE AND EXPERIENCE Concurrency Computat.: Pract. Exper. 2005; 17:821–837 Published online in Wiley InterScience (). DOI: 10.1002/cpe.856 Implementation and performance of a particle-in-cell code written in Java 1 1,∗,† 1 S. Markidis , G. Lapenta , W. B. VanderHeyden and Z. Budimli´c2 1Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, U.S.A. 2 Center for High Performance Software Research, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, U.S.A. SUMMARY Plasma simulation is an important example of a high-performance computing application where computer science issues are of great relevance. In a plasma, each particle, electron or ion, interacts with the external fields and with other particles in ways that can be readily and effectively emulated using object-oriented programming. However, the great cost of plasma simulations has traditionally discouraged object-oriented implementations due to their perceived inferior performance compared with classic procedural FORTRAN or C. In the present paper, we revisit this issue. We have developed a Java particle-in-cell code for plasma simulation, called Parsek. The paper considers different choices for the object orientation and tests their performance. We find that coarse-grained object orientation is faster and practically immune from any degradation compared with a standard procedural implementation (with static classes). The loss in performance for a fine-grained object orientation is a factor of about 50%, which can be almost completely eliminated using advanced Java compilation techniques. The Java code Parsek also provides an interesting realistic application of high-performance computing to compare the performance of Java with FORTRAN. We have conducted a series of tests considering various Java implementations and various FO