演化博弈论(清华大学).docVIP

演化博弈论(清华大学) 进化博弈 Evolutionary Games第13章 Chapter 13进化博弈 Evolutionary Games目前为止我们学过了具有多种不同特征的博弈： We have so far studied games with many different features:同时和序贯博弈 Simultaneous and sequential moves 零和与非零和博弈 Zero-sum and non-zero-sum payoffs 操纵未来博弈规则的策略性行动 Strategic moves to manipulate rules of games to come 一次性和重复博弈 One-shot and repeated play 许多人同时进行的集体博弈 Games of collective action in which a large number of people play simultaneouslySlide 2 进化博弈 Evolutionary Games所有这些博弈中的参与者都是理性的：每个参 与者…… All the players in all these games are rational: each player…………具有内在一致的价值体系 has an internally consistent value system ……能够计算其策略选择的后果 can calculate the consequences of her strategic choices ……作出最符合其利益的选择 makes choice that best favors her interestsSlide 3进化博弈 Evolutionary Games对理性可能的替代方法可以从生物学的进化和进化动 力学中找到，在那里…… One possible alternative to rationality can be found in the biological theory of evolution and evolutionary dynamics, where…………好的策略可以得到更多的奖励 good strategies will be rewarded with higher payoffs ……参与者可以观察或模仿成功者并试验新的策略 players can observe or imitate success and experiment with new strategies ……随着参与者在参加博弈中获得经验，好的策略将会得到 更经常的使用，坏的策略得到更少的使用。 good strategies will be used more often and bad strategies less often, as players gain experience playing the game.Slide 4 内容提要 Outline*框架 The framework （*重点或难点） *囚徒困境 Prisoners dilemma 小鸡 Chicken 保证博弈 The assurance game *不同物种间作用 Interactions across species 鹰鸽博弈 The hawk-dove game *种群中有三种表现型 Three Phenotypes in the Population 一般理论 Some General Theory 群体博弈（略） Playing the field 合作与利他的进化Slide 5框架 The Framework生物学中的进化过程提供了社会科学家使用的 博弈论的平行物。 The process of evolution in biology offers a parallel to the theory of games used by social scientists. 这一理论建立在三个基本原则上： This theory rests on three fundamentals:异质性 Heterogeneity 适应性 Fitness 选择 SelectionSlide 6 框架 The Framework动物行为的相当一部分是由物种决定的；一个或多个 基因的联合体（基因型）支配着某一特定的行为模式 （称为行为表现型）。 A significant part of animal behavior is generically determined; a complex of one or more genes (genotype) governs a particular