第一篇组织中的个体行为.pptVIP

第一篇 组织中的个体行为 个体传记特征 我们是如何感知世界 个体决策 个性 能力、情感 价值观、态度和工作满意度 激励的概念和理论 激励：从观念的应用 一、个体传记特征 传记特点 · 年龄 · 性别 · 婚姻状况 · 任职时间 · 出身 · 抚养人数 二、知觉 知觉 （perception） 个体为了对自己所处环境赋予意义而解释感觉印象的过程。（在感觉 的基础上，个体感官直接作用于事物，而形成对事物的整体反映。） 知觉的特性与分类 影响知觉的因素 有关知觉的理论 知觉偏差及其应用 感觉 感觉Sensation：个体对客观事物认识的起点，对象直接作用于感官而在人脑中产生的反映。知觉则表现为感觉的集合，即对象作用于感官而在人脑形成的整体反映。感觉是知觉的基础和前提。 感觉类别 感觉的分类： Visual sense； Auditory sense； Smell； Taste； Skin sense（sense of touch ；sense of pain；sense of warmth and sense of cold） Other sense：Kinesthesis； Equilibratory Social Cognition (Perception) Attribution Theory The Theory of B. Wiener’s Attribution 组织中的具体应用 三、个体决策 The Six-Step Rational Decision-Making Model Define the problem Identify decision criteria Weight the criteria Generate alternatives Rate each alternative on each criterion Compute the optimal decision Assumptions of the Model Problem clarity Known options Clear preferences Constant preferences No time or cost constraints Maximum payoff Typical Use of Bounded Rationality Limited list of criteria based on most conspicuous choices Review of alternatives only until one seems “good enough” Final solution represents a satisficing choice, not an optimum one The satisficing choice may be the first acceptable one encountered Identifying Visible Problems Easier to recognize obvious problems Desire to appear competent and “on top of problems” Self-interest to attack high-profile problems Evaluators rate highly an aggressive attack on visible problems Developing Limited Alternatives More complex search for creative alternatives happens only when a simple search fails Rarely formulate new and unique problem definitions and alternatives Decisions are made and remade endlessly in small comparisons between narrow choices Making Biased Choices Availability Heuristic Basing judgment on information readily available Representative Heuristic Ass