英美概况Britain.pptVIP

Growth of Capitalism 1. Economic Development in the Tudor Monarchy 1.) Manorialism replaced by a money economy. Growth of Capitalism 2.)*Enclosure Movement end of 15th century, the manufacture woolen cloth in England became an important source of wealth and a major export. The cloth industry increased the value of wool. Raising sheep became more profitable. This encouraged the landlords to convert arable land into pastures. Later some of the nobility and merchants started to enclose the land. Large areas of land were fenced without any warning to peasants. Peasants--- cheap labor in cities 2. Strengthening of Centralized Monarch (Henry VII) Henry VII confined his rival--- Edward, the Ear of Warwick in the Tower He promised to pardon those who had stood on the side of the House of York In 1486 Henry VII married Elizabeth of York, uniting the rival House of York and Lancaster In order to retain his crown, he strengthened the law courts, increased the income of government He established good relations with Spain and France 3. Henry VIII and the English Reformation the English Reformation three main causes: 1. )a desire for change and reform in the church had been growing for many years and now, encouraged by the success of Martin Luther, many people believed its time had come； 2. )the privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented； 3.) Henry needed money. the immediate cause was Henry VIII’s divorce with Catherine the English Reformation Process --- Henry’s reforms was to get rid of the English Church’s connection with the Pope, --- and to make an independent Church of England. ----He made this break with Rome gradually between 1529 and 1534. He dissolved all of England’s monasteries and nunneries. The laws such as the Act of Succession of 1534 and the Act of Supremacy of 1535( which established　the　King　as　Supreme　Head of the Church of England ) made his reform possible. Consequence ---English Church became in