语言学导论-第8章LanguageSociety.pptVIP

Language and society Language and society Sociolinguistics 社会语言学 to study the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live Two approaches Macro sociolinguistics 宏观社会语言学 (a bird’s-eye view) To consider how language functions in the society and how it reflects the social differentiations. Micro sociolinguistics 微观社会语言学 (a worm’s-eye view) From the point of view of an individual member within it How language functions in the communication between members of the society Two main subjects Speech community 言语社区 the social group that is singled out for any special sociolinguistic study Speech variety 言语变体 any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers. 3 main types： regional dialects, sociolects -- users registers -- use Major concerns Varieties of language Standard dialect Pidgin and Creole Bilingualism and Diglossia Varieties of language Dialectal varieties 方言变体 Register 语域 Degree of formality 正式度 Dialectal varieties Regional dialect 地域方言 Sociolect 社会方言 Language and gender 语言与性别 Language and age 语言与年龄 Idiolect 个人语言 Ethnic dialect 种族方言 Regional dialect 地域方言 The linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region Causes: geographical barriers loyalty to one’s native speech physical psychological resistance At present: decreasing of geographical variation in language Dialectal varieties Sociolect 社会方言 the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class same geographical region same regional dialect Features: phonetic features: -n’ -- -ing grammatical level: I can’t eat nothing. accent: Received Pronunciation (RP) 标准发音 (upper class speech, high-status marker) Dialectal varieties speak differently Language and gender 语言与性别 Intonation 语调 Female: a wider range; low-rise intonation Lexicon 词汇 Female: more adjectives of evaluation:nice,lovely, cute, fantastic more intensifiers: awfully, really