具体化和概括化(讲稿).docVIP

授 课 内 容 备 注 Specification and Generalization 　　Now let us look at the following examples: Next to health, heart and home, happiness for mobile Americans depends upon the automobile.(美国人的幸福不但取决于健康、爱情、家庭，还取决于汽车。) My uncle remembered me in his letter to my father. （向我问好） My uncle remembered me on my birthday.　（给我买了礼物） My uncle remembered me in his will.　（给我留了份遗产） People use languages to describe the objective world． But any language is limited (in its vocabulary and number of sentence patterns)while the world is limitless--a contradiction of the finiteness of the language and the infiniteness of the objective world．So one word is often used to stand for several things which share similarities in certain aspects．Then people would generalize such similarities and work out abstract terms t refer to them．However，as different languages have undergone different development，their degrees of generalization vary．Sometimes one language uses specific images to express certain ideas，another language may use very general terms for similar ideas．So generalization and specification are two important means in translation between English and Chinese．For example weight in the sentence Ones own past may become a gradually increasing w，is an abstract concept．If it is translated as(越来越增加的)重量，the sentence would sound awkward．But if we specify it as包袱and translate the whole sentence as一个人过去的经历可能会成为越来越沉重的包袱，it would sound much more natural．The Chinese language contains quite a number of words whose meanings are very vague．For example曲曲折折的荷塘上面，弥望的是田田的叶子It is really hard to tell the exact meaning of田田的and we have to think of some concrete image in translating the sentence into English．A possible version is All over this winding stretch of water，what meets the eye is a silken field of lotus leaves．(Sure different translators may have different interpretations and express them in different ways but some specific word has to be used to translate the word田田的．) Now look at