工程开挖土方的计算规则.docVIP

工程开挖土方的计算规则 工程开挖土方的计算规则提要：土石方开挖是工程初期以至施工过程中的关键工序。在施工前，需根据工程规模和特性，地形、地质、水文 来自 工程开挖土方的计算规则 1、清单规则： 挖基础土方按设计图示尺寸以基础垫层底面积乘挖土深度计算。 2、定额规则： 人工或机械挖土方的体积应按槽底面积乘以挖土深度计算。槽底面积应以槽底的长乘以槽底的宽，槽底长和宽是指基础底宽外加工作面，当需要放坡时，应将放坡的土方量合并于总土方量中。 将土和岩石进行松动、破碎、挖掘并运出的工程。按岩土性质，土石方开挖分土方开挖和石方开挖。按施工环境是露天、地下或水下，分为明挖、洞挖和水下开挖。在水利工程中，土石方开挖广泛应用于场地平整和削坡，水工建筑物（水闸、坝、溢洪道、水电站厂房、泵站建筑物等）地基开挖，地下洞室（水工隧洞、地下厂房、各类平洞、竖井和斜井）开挖，河道、渠道、港口开挖及疏浚，填筑材料、建筑石料及混凝土骨料开采，围堰等临时建筑物或砌石、混凝土结构物的拆除等。 开挖方式： 土石方开挖是工程初期以至施工过程中的关键工序。在施工前，需根据工程规模和特性，地形、地质、水文、气象等自然条件，施工导流方式和工程进度要求，施工条件以及可能采用的施工方法等，研究选定开挖方式。明挖有全面开挖、分部位开挖、分层开挖和分段开挖等。全面开挖适用于开挖深度浅、范围小的工程项目。开挖范围较大时，需采用分部位开挖。如开挖深度较大，则采用分层开挖，对于石方开挖常结合深孔梯段爆破（见深孔爆破）按梯段分层。分段开挖则适用于长度较大的渠道、溢洪道等工程。对于洞挖，则有全断面掘进、分部开挖和导洞法等开挖方式。 来自 Measures for the routine management of moral education in Middle SchoolsMethod of conventional management of moral education in middle schoolFirst, the guiding ideology:School moral education is an organic whole of the whole education work, always adhere to the school adhere to the moral education, education for this product, and actively promote the quality education, the school building efficient curriculum system of moral education, moral education, improve the sense of attraction and appeal, enhance the moral education work for through and timeliness. Teach everyone, service education and management education, and school moral education work must be with family education and community education closely together, to form a concerted pattern, and strive to create a good atmosphere for education, and to promote the all-round development of students, to establish a scientific moral education full of vigor the For long-term mechanism.Two, the goal of moral education:To guide the students to form the correct world outlook, outlook on life, values, to cultivate students unity and mutual assistance, honest and trustworthy, law-abiding, good quality, hard work, set a good XX students ideological quality, psychological quality and image quality.