翻译第九讲(英汉结构对比活用词典).pptVIP

Translation(9) A Comparison between the Structures of English and Chinese Flexible Uses of Dictionaries I.A comparison between the structures of English and Chinese 汉语从整体上看只有很少一些词有形态标志，因此汉语是分析型语言，语序是极重要的语法手段。 从语言形态学的角度来看，英语仍保留着若干古英语（450-1150）词的变化体系，但诸如名词的性与格及形容词的性、数、格等复杂纷繁的形态变化体系则已在中世纪（476-15世纪末）分崩离析，使英语成为一门分析 – 综合型语言，语序逐渐上升为重要的语法手段。 英汉基本句型主干序列的一致性是我们提出“直译是基础”的语法学根据之一，也是我们在翻译实践中运用成分分析法的基本线索。 1.Hypotaxis vs Parataxis (形合法与意合法） 从语句衔接方式上来说，英语多用“形合法”，即再句法形式上使用联结词语将句子或分局衔接起来。 与其相对，汉语则多用“意合法”，即依靠意义上的衔接而不一定依赖联结词语。 例如：天快黑了，他们回家了。 They went home when it was getting dark. As it was getting dark, they went home. It was getting home and they went home. It was getting dark, so they went home. It was getting dark; they went home. It was getting dark. They went home. 小结：英文中需要大量使用起衔接作用的连接词(glue words)；中文是用意思表达出相对应的衔接意义。 2.Grape Cluster vs Bamboo Pole （葡萄型与竹竿型） The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry, because he had had no food for two days. 那个男孩哭的似乎心都碎了。当我问他时，他说他已有两天没吃东西，实在是饿极了。 英语中的长句比比皆是。英语的句子就像是一串葡萄。 Another example: From the time when our caveman ancestors gnawed their wild-pig bones in front of their smoking fire to our own days when we sit around a table spread with snowy linen and shinning silver, we have the history of the change in eating habits from the simple satisfaction of hunger to the meal as a delightful, if rather complex, social institution. 从前我们穴居的祖先在烟雾弥漫的篝火前啃咬野猪骨头，其目的只是为了果腹。而今天，我们都围坐在铺着雪白的桌布，摆着铮亮的刀叉的餐桌边进餐。吃饭已成了一种相当复杂，但又令人愉快的社会习俗。这就是我们饮食习惯的变革史。 3.Before vs After （前置性与后续性） 汉语中的定语一般都置于所修饰的名词之前，而英语中的定语常常是个单个的形容词，名词或分词放在所修饰的名词之前，而作定语的介词短语，分词短语，不定式或不定式短语和各种各样的定语从句则放在所修饰的名词后面。 例如：This is the young man who had a talk with her in the office at four o’clock yesterday afternoon. 这就是昨天下午4点钟在办公室和她谈话的那个年轻人。 英语句子中的状语的位置非常灵活，句首、句中、句尾皆可，但究竟置于何处则与语义侧重、文章衔接、个人风格等因素有关。但译成汉语时一般需前置。 例如： There isn’t such a word in English as far as I know. As far as I know, there isn’t such a word in English. 就我所知，英语里没有这样一个词。 I w