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一些美国法律用词及其定义(英文).pdf
Alternative dispute resolution (ADR)
A procedure for settling a dispute by means other than litigation, such as arbitration or
mediation
Answer
A defendants first pleading that addresses the merits of the case, usually by denying the
plaintiffs allegations
Appeal
A proceeding undertaken to have a decision reconsidered by a higher authority; especially,
the submission of a lower courts or agencys decision to a higher court for review and
possible reversal.
Appellant
A party who appeals a lower courts decision, usually seeking reversal of that decision.
Appellee
A party against whom an appeal is taken and whose role is to respond to that appeal, usually
seeking affirmance of the lower courts decision.
Arbitration
A method of dispute resolution involving one or more neutral third parties who are usually
agreed to by the disputing parties and whose decision is binding.
Arbitration clause
A contractual provision mandating arbitration-and thereby avoiding litigation-of disputes
about the contracting parties rights, duties, and liabilities.
Choice-of-law clause
A contractual provision by which the parties designate the jurisdiction whose law will govern
any disputes that may arise between the parties.
Complaint
The initial pleading that starts a civil action and states the basis for the courts jurisdiction,
the basis for the plaintiffs claim, and the demand for relief.
Conciliation
A settlement of a dispute in an agreeable manner. A process in which a neutral person
meets with the parties to a dispute and explores how the dispute might be resolved; esp., a
relatively unstructured method of dispute resolution in which a third party facilitates
communication between parties in an attempt to help them settle their differences.
Consolidation
The act or process of uniting; the stat of being united.
Cross-complaint
A claim asserted by a defendant against another party to the action.
Deponent
One who testifies by deposition.
Depo
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