语言学教程Language change and history.ppt

Language Change and History;Outline;Language change;The history of English;Late Modern English (1800-Present) ;Language change ;Phonological changes;Phonological changes;Semantic changes ;Semantic broadening ;Semantic narrowing;Semantic shift ; Old English(450~1150); ? Old English; Old English(450~1150);What the Romans did for English ;The arrival of Anglo-Saxons; Latin elements;The Viking ;古英语的词汇不是完全由日尔曼语的成分组成，日尔曼语的成分是主要地位，但同时也有一些借词;Middle English period(1066- 1485);Historical Background;The Norman Conquest;The Norman Conquest;Impact of Norman French vocabulary ;Middle English Literature;Middle English (1100-1500) ;Early Modern English (1500-1800) ; Sound Change ;Sound Change;Sound/phonological change: systematic; regular pattern of pronunciation changes ;b) Sound loss Some sounds in English have simply disappeared from the general pronunciation of English. -----the voiceless velar fricative / x /, nicht /nixt/ night sorh /sorx/ sorrow ----- /k/ sound in /kn - / clusters in the word initial position knight“ knee -----Another sound loss is the deletion of a word-final vowel segment, a phenomenon called apocope.词尾脱落 /na:m? / / neim/ /l Q v?/ /l Q v/ ;c) Sound addition Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis插音 , for example: ?????????? emty???????? empty ??????????? glimse?????? glimpse spinle spindle ;d) Sound movement Metathesis 换位 refers to sound change because of a reversal in the positions of two neighboring sounds. bridd bird hros horse ; Syntactic changes;;Addition of affixes(词缀);Fusion;2. Loss of affixes;;3. Change of word order;For example;4.Change in negation rule;Lexical changes;Borrowin