semantic shift.pptVIP

semantic shift;Metaphor 隐喻 Metonymy 借代 Synecdoche 提喻 Transferred epithet 移就 Synaesthesia 通感 Onomatopoeia 拟声;由于两个事物的特征上所存在的某一类似之处，而用指一个事物的词来指另一个事物，这种词义的演变方式叫做隐喻 There are three major groups of metaphors according to function and character:;Anthropomorphic metaphors;Animal metaphors;A pig： a dirty，greedy or ill-mannered person;A mouse: a person, esp. a woman, who is quiet and timid. A cat: a nasty person A rat: a low worthless disloyal man A lion: a famous and important person A fox：a person who deceives others by means of clever tricks A tiger: a person like such an animal in fierceness, courage, etc. A parrot: a person who repeats, often without understanding, the words or actions of another;;Synaesthetic metaphors;事实上，一个隐喻的普及可以影响到一批词，是这些词也成为类似的隐喻，从而形成一个单独的语义场： 例： Time is money. This gadget will save you hours. You are wasting my time. That flat tire cost me an hour. Ive invested a lot of time in her. You need to budget your time. You are not using your time profitably. Hes living on borrowed time.;;二 借代 metonymy;人体的器官的名称可被用来指其功能： a good eye for distance 能目测距离的好眼力 have a sharp eye 有敏锐的目光 to have a keen ear 听觉灵 to have an ear for 对…听觉灵敏 to turn a deaf ear 根本不听 to develop a good nose for 提高对…的敏感性 to have a loose tongue 饶舌 to have a bitter tongue 说话尖刻 a silver tongue 流利的口才 to be off one‘s head 神志不清 to be weak in the head 不太聪明 to have a cool head 有冷静的头脑 to have a good head for 有…才能 to have a head like a sieve 记忆力极差;;;三 提喻synecdoche;局部代替整体： Young people should have more respect for grey hairs. He saw some new faces in the classroom. ;四 移就Transferred epithet ;用形容一种感官的感觉的词来形容另一种感官的感觉，叫做“通感” A sharp sound Loud colors Sweet voice Soft butter Delicious perfume;六 拟声Onomatopoeia;词义演变的过程;放射型;1. The ball hit her on the head. 2. the head of a nail/hammer 3. a meeting of the heads of government 4. Use your head./Think. 5. dinner at $15 a head每人15美元的饭菜 6. The pimple came to a head before bursting.