分子生物学1--分子生物学的发展汇总.ppt

分子生物学; 生物学的昨天、今天和明天; 生物学的昨天、今天和明天;生物学的昨天、今天和明天;分子生物学（Molecular Biology) 顾名思义：在分子水平上研究生命过程的科学。 分子生物学研究是在分子水平上研究基因和基因的活动，是对遗传学内容的新理解，更贴切的术语是分子遗传学。 研究的主要内容：Three Major Approaches Structural (architecture of the molecules) Biochemical (interactions between cell metabolism and heredity) Informational (transfer of information, translation of information) ;分子生物学不是单一界限分明的学科 Dr. F.Crick 谈到自己的研究领域时：“我……勉强称自己为分子生物学家，因为爱打听的牧师问我做什么工作时，我已经为解释自己兼为结晶学家、生物物理学家、生物化学家和遗传学家而感到厌烦……”;What is the gene? ; Mendel: The Father of Genetics;  Questions surround Mendel’s findings;发现 DNA;He examined used bandages obtained from a hospital caring for the wounded of the Crimean War in hope of finding something interesting He discovered a substance containing both phosphorus and nitrogen, made up of molecules that were apparently very large, in the nuclei of white blood cells found in pus;Named the substance nuclein （核素）because it seemed to come from cell nuclei. In 1874 when Miescher separated it into a protein and an acid molecule. It is now known as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) This substance was so unusual that Hoppe-Seyler repeated the work himself before allowing Miescher to publish the paper on the discovery ;He found an excellent (and more pleasant) source of nuclear material in the sperm of the salmon The nuclei are large in any sperm cells, remarkably so in the salmon’s From these he first extracted a pure DNA In 1889 a pupil of his, the German pathologist Richard Altmann (1852-1900) introduced the term “nucleic acid”;先天性代谢障碍;The relationship between genes and proteins was first proposed by Garrod in 1908 Garrod, a prominent physician at St. Bartholomews Hospital in London, understood both the new science of biochemistry and the emerging discipline of genetics ;He studied a harmless but rare disorder in the general population but frequent in children of first-cousin marriages: alkaptonuria（尿黑酸尿症） A patient with this disorder produces