2014年9月14日托福阅读考试真题及解析.pdfVIP

智 课 网 托 福 备 考 资 料 2014年9月14日托福阅读考试真题及解析 三篇文章题材分别为人类研究、地质地理研究和动物研究，TPO 中也有不少相似篇章。 三篇词汇题： ingenuity=cleverness merely=simply acquire random investigate inspect=exam potential replicate =copy explicit underlie distinct 第一篇：Children’s play 题材划分：人类研究 主要内容：讲pretend play 对孩子的作用，分阶段讲。早期的孩子 最开始玩什么玩具，后来就能pretend，他们自己pretend 他们在吃饭等的一些简单的familiar 的事(有题，选关于familiar 的)，后来就更复杂了，后来小孩可以理解大人pretend 的一些事，并 参与进来。后来他们就可以扮演了一些社会角色，比如说爸爸、妈妈、 护士之类的，类似过家家，他们还知道该停止的时候就得停止(有题，排 除题，选他们不知道停止)。说这些不仅对social development 和intelligence 有好处，还能让孩子认识cognitive the authority and rules. 相似TPO 练习推荐 TPO6 Infantile Amnesia TPO30 Role of Play in Development 相关知识背景 Imitation and verbal behavior of children Behaviorists have studied verbal behavior since the 1920s. E.A. Esper (1920) studied associative models of language, which has evolved into the current language interventions of matrix training and recombinative generalization. Skinner (1957) created a comprehensive taxonomy of language for speakers. Baer, along with Zettle and Haynes (1989), provided a developmental analysis of rule-governed behavior for the listener and for the listener Zettle and Hayes (1989) with Don Baer providing a developmental analysis of rule-governed behavior. According to Skinner, language learning depends on environmental variables, which can be mastered by a child through imitation, practice, and selective reinforcement including automatic reinforcement. B.F. Skinner was one of the first psychologists to take the role of imitation in verbal behavior as a serious mechanism for acquisition. He identified echoic behavior as one of his basic verbal operant, postulating that verbal behavior was learned by an infant from a verbal community. Skinners account takes verbal behavior beyond an intra-individual process to an inter-individual process. He defined verbal behavior as behavior reinforced through the mediation of others”.Noam refuted Skinner’s assumptions.