从国际角来看犯罪问题.docVIP

Criminal victimization: a global perspective Being exposed to the risk of criminal victimization or actually being a victim of crime is a common feature of life for most people in most countries throughout the world. Concern about risk and the effects of crime are reflected in various national legal provisions and, at an international level, in the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 40/34 of 29 November 1985. It is also reflected in an increasing number of surveys of the victims of crime. While such surveys have a longer tradition in developed countries, and in some countries have become a regular part of a crime and criminal justice database, the 1992 International Victim Survey for the first time involved a considerable number of countries of Central and Eastern Europe as well as developing countries. An increasing number of criminal justice administrations are utilizing the survey results as a basis for considering changes in law enforcement and crime prevention strategies, and for interventions of various sorts. That crimes recorded by the official criminal justice agencies (police and courts, for example) are only a portion of the actual crimes committed as a criminological truism, and international victim surveys simply provide cross-cultural confirmation of that fact. In victim surveys an attempt is made to determine the true extent of crime. However, they also reveal that the propensity to report crimes varies from country to country, and by type of crime. There is also variation in the risk of criminal victimization, and more or less related correlates such as fear of crime (or fear for safety), satisfaction with police performance, and participation in crime prevention activities. Those variables also depend on other factors such as residential status, age, lifestyle and, to a certain extent, the development profile of a country. The findings of the United