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Realistic Expanding Source Model for Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions.pdf

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Realistic Expanding Source Model for Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions

a r X i v : n u c l - t h / 9 6 0 3 0 0 9 v 1 8 M a r 1 9 9 6 REALISTIC EXPANDING SOURCE MODEL FOR RELATIVISTIC HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS Scott Chapman1 and J. Rayford Nix1 1Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 INTRODUCTION An international search is currently underway for the quark-gluon plasma—a pre- dicted new phase of nuclear matter where quarks roam almost freely throughout the medium instead of being confined to individual nucleons.1,2 Such a plasma could be formed through the compression and excitation that occur when nuclei collide at rel- ativistic speeds. With increasing compression the nucleons overlap sufficiently that they should lose their individual identity and transform into deconfined quarks, and with increasing excitation the many pions that are produced overlap sufficiently that they should lose their individual identity and transform into deconfined quarks and anti-quarks. Experimental identification of the quark-gluon plasma, as well as understanding other aspects of the process, will require knowing the overall spacetime evolution of the hot, dense hadronic matter that is produced in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The spacetime evolution of this hadronic matter can in principle be extracted from experimental measurements of invariant one-particle multiplicity distributions and two- particle correlations in emitted pions, kaons, and other particles. The foundations for two-particle correlations were laid in the 1950s by Hanbury Brown and Twiss,3 who used two-photon correlations to measure the size of stars, and by Goldhaber et al.,4 who used two-pion correlations to measure the size of the interaction region in antiproton annihilation. Following this pioneering work, many researchers have already analyzed correlations among pions and among kaons produced in relativistic heavy-ion collisions in terms of simple models to obtain some limited information about the size and duration of the emitting sou