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How novel are the chemical weapons of garlic mustard in North American forest understories.pdf

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How novel are the chemical weapons of garlic mustard in North American forest understories

ORIGINAL PAPER How novel are the chemical weapons of garlic mustard in North American forest understories? E. Kathryn Barto ? Jeff R. Powell ? Don Cipollini Received: 2 November 2009 / Accepted: 2 March 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010 Abstract The Novel Weapons Hypothesis predicts that invasive plants excel in their new ranges because they produce novel metabolites to which native species possess little resistance. We examined the novelty of the phytochemistry of the Eurasian invader, Alliaria petiolata, in North America by comparing its phytochemical profile with those of closely related Brassicaceae native to North America. We examined the profile and/or concentrations of glucosinolates, alliarinoside, flavonoids, cyanide, and trypsin inhibitors in cauline leaves of field-collected A. petiolata, Arabis laevigata, Cardamine concate- nata, C. bulbosa, and C. douglassii. Cyanide and the glucosinolates and flavonoids produced by A. petio- lata were detected only in A. petiolata. Trypsin inhibitor activity was highest in A. laevigata, inter- mediate in the Cardamine species, and lowest in A. petiolata. The phytochemical profile of A. petio- lata was distinct from those of four closely related and/or abundant Brassicaceaeous species native to North America, providing support for the Novel Weapons Hypothesis. Keywords Novel weapons hypothesis Alliaria petiolata Invasive plants Allelopathy Introduction Success of invaders is a complicated, multifaceted issue and several hypotheses have been advanced to explain the success of invasive plants. The Novel Weapons Hypothesis (NWH) provides an explanation for the success of some invasive plants, suggesting that native organisms in invaded ranges will be na??ve and therefore especially sensitive to novel compounds produced by invasive plants (Callaway and Aschehoug 2000; Callaway and Ridenour 2004). These novel weapons may provide invaders with protection from herbivory (Carpenter and Cappuccino 2005), and