3 Speech sound.pptVIP

Chapter II Speech sound 2.1 Speech production and perception Language is “a system of vocal symbols” 语音学Phonetics: the study of sounds 音韵学 Phonology: the study of sound patterns. Speech speech production perception (speaker A ) speaker B Phonetics human sound-making, description, classification transcription Articulatory ~: production Auditory ~ : perception Acoustic ~: the physical properties of the speech sounds produced in speech movement of an air stream by speech organs. Most speech sounds are produced by pushing lung air out of the body through the mouth/ nose. speech organs : the initiator of the stream, the producer of voice the resonating cavities 2.2.1 The Initiator of the Air Stream In order to produce sounds, we need air stream. The air stream is pushed out from the lungs . The majority of sounds used in languages of the world including all the sounds in English are produced in this way. the initiator of the air stream is the lungs and their associated muscles, the bronchial tubes and the trachea（wind pipe） . 2.2.2 The Producer of Voice two folds of membrane -the vocal cords opening between the vocal cords == glottis Voiced and voiceless The level of vibration振动 of the vocal cords声带 determines whether a sound is voiced or unvoiced. If the vocal cords---apart, the airstream is not obstructed at the glottis and passes through freely. -- voiceless sounds. If the vocal cords are together, the air stream forces its way through and causes them to vibrate. -- voiced sounds. feel the distinction sounds. Position of the vocal folds:  glottal stop phonetic feature--- distinguishes pet/bet, ten/den; seal/zeal [-voiced]. [+voiced] 2.2.3 The Resonating Cavities amplified --- audible. three resonating cavities: pharynx, nasal and