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Damage evolution around primary carbides under rolling contact fatigue in VIM–VAR M50.pdf

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Damage evolution around primary carbides under rolling contact fatigue in VIM–VAR M50.pdf

International Journal of Fatigue 91 (2016) 59–67 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Fatigue journal homepage: /locate/ijfatigue Damage evolution around primary carbides under rolling contact fatigue in VIM–VAR M50 G. Guetard, I. Toda-Caraballo, P.E.J. Rivera-Díaz-del-Castillo ? SKF University Technology Centre, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Rd., Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom article info Article history: Received 9 January 2016 Received in revised form 20 May 2016 Accepted 23 May 2016 Available online 24 May 2016 Keywords: Rolling contact fatigue Steel Carbide Fatigue crack growth Crack nucleation abstract The presence of stress raisers in bearing steels is known to be highly detrimental to rolling contact fatigue performance. In VIM–VAR (vacuum induction melted–vacuum arc remelted) M50, primary carbides inherited from the solidi?cation stage can develop damage in the form of butter?ies, possibly leading to failure by spalling. A ball-on-rod rolling contact fatigue test rig was used to induce damage under different loading conditions. The butter?y distribution as well as the spatial variation of number, size, and orientation relative to the racetrack surface was investigated. The effect of the load on the butter?y formation is also detailed. Finally, the nucleation and growth of butter?ies was observed throughout a series of tests suspended after different number of stress cycles. The trends unveiled in this paper could highly bene?t the development and validation of models aiming at predicting the effect of stress raisers on the performance of materials subjected to rolling contact fatigue. ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction It is well known that, under rolling contact fatigue (RCF), bearing steels experience microstructural changes related to the cyclic accumulation of strain. When stress raisers are present in the steel, the bainite or martensi