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A medieval description of metastatic breast cancer; from Avicennas view point.pdf

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The Breast 31 (2017) 20e21 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect The Breast journal homepage: /brst Viewpoints and debate A medieval description of metastatic breast cancer; from Avicennas view point Mohammad M. Zarshenas a, b, Afshin Mohammadi-Bardbori c, * a Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran b Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran c Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran article info Article history: Received 15 September 2016 Received in revised form 13 October 2016 Accepted 22 October 2016 Available online 27 October 2016 Keywords: Metastatic breast cancer Avicennas view point abstract Historically, one of the earliest breast cancer case descriptions comes from an Egyptian manuscript so called “the Edwin Smith Papyrus” dating back to the Pyramid Age. However, apart from all respective documents remained from the antiquity, concepts and standpoints of Avicenna (Ibn Sina; a famous Persian physician) in regard of the cancer are interesting. A case of breast cancer and metastatic condition has been reported by Avicenna in the Canon of Medicine. This report can be considered as a very early report of metastatic or stage IV breast cancer. He underlined that cancer should be diagnosed and cured in the early stages. With views of Avicenna, cancer is an atrabilious (black bile) swelling (tumor) which sometimes may be accompanied by pain or swelling. He also mentioned that some vessels may be appeared around the cancerous part. Avicenna extrapolated the cancer with legs of cancer crab which can to grow around the other organs and tissues. ? 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Introduction Cancer is a cohort of diseases (over 100 various types of cancer are known so far) in which abnormal cells start to divide without any control. The ca