泰安新建苹果园杂草种类及优势种群调查.docVIP

泰安新建苹果园杂草种类及优势种群调查 　　摘 要：采用随机取样方法对泰安宽行密植模式下新建苹果园杂草种类及优势种群进行了调查。结果表明，该地区有杂草22种，隶属于12个科，21个属。其中以菊科杂草种类最多，为5种，占总杂草种类的22.72%。十字花科和禾本科次之，各3种，分别占13.64%。通过比较田间均度和密度发现，禾本科杂草均居第一位。马唐、狗尾草、藜、小蓟、小旋花5种杂草为苹果园杂草优势种群，尤其是马唐，田间均度达71.90%，密度达27.44株?m-2，远高于其他杂草种类。对果园杂草进行了栽培学分类发现，22种杂草中，无害杂草8种，轻度危害杂草7种，重度危害杂草7种。 　　关键词：杂草；苹果园；宽行密植；种类；优势种群 　　中图分类号：S451.0 文献标识码：A DOI 编码：10.3969/j.issn.1006-6500.2016.07.019 　　Abstract： The study was carried out to investigate weed species and dominant population used the random sampling method in newly planted apple orchards with wide-row close planting mode in Taian. The results showed that there were 22 species in the apple orchards， and they belonged to 12 families， 21 genera. Asteraceae species was more than others and it was a total of 5 species， accounting for 22.72%. Brassicaceae and Gramineae species took the second place and they were a total of 3 species， accounting for 13.64%， respectively. By comparing the equal and density degree was found that Gramineae species occupied first place， and D. sanguinalis （L.） Scop.， S. viridis （L.） Beauv.， C. album L.， C. setosum （Willd.） MB. and C. hederacea Wall. were the dominant population in newly planted apple orchards， and the D. sanguinalis （L.） Scop. was more than other species， the equal and density degree was 71.90% and 27.44 plants?m-2. We classified the 22 kinds of weeds according to the harm degree to fruit trees， and found that the harmless weeds were 8， lightly harmful weeds were 7， and the seriously harmful weeds were 7. 　　Key words： weed； apple orchard； wide-row close planting； species； dominant population 　　苹果（Malus pumila）在世界范围内的栽培历史悠久，面积大，产量高，供应鲜果时间长，经济效益好，已成为当今最重要的果树之一。目前，我国苹果的栽培面积、总产量、人均占有量和出口量均居世界首位，已成为世界上最大的苹果生产和消费国[1]。随着国家粮食作物连年丰收和土地流转政策的推进，流转土地多栽植果树和蔬菜以提高经济效益。山东地区作为全国苹果重要产区之一，产量和面积均居第二位[2]。栽培模式也由传统的乔砧密植模式向矮化砧宽行密植模式过渡。据调查，苹果园中常有大量杂草发生，尤其在宽行密植幼年果园中，由于株行距比较大，地面裸露比较多，生态环境稳定，果园中杂草的种类很多，生长量巨大，更容易发生杂草危害[3-5]。草害已经成为影响果树正常生长及果品产量、质量的主要因素之一[6]。当前，果园主要采取人工除草或化学除草等方式控制草害，该方式存在费时费力，且易破坏果树浅层