经济学名词解释(英文).docVIP

Accounting profit会计利润: Total revenue minus total explicit cost Ability-to-pay principle能力支付原则: The idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burden Absolute advantage绝对优势: The comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity Adverse selection逆向选择: The tendency for the mix of unobserved attributes to become undesirable from the standpoint of an uninformed party Agent代理人: A person who is performing an act for another person, called the principal Aggregate-demand curve: a curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that households, firms, and the government want to buy at each price level Aggregate risk: risk that affects all economic actors at once Aggregate-supply curve: a curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that firms choose to produce and sell at each price level Appreciation: an increase in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreign currency it can buy Arrow’s impossibility theorem阿罗不可能定理: A mathematical result showing that, under certain assumed conditions, there is no scheme for aggregating individual preferences into a valid set of social preferences Average fixed cost平均固定成本: Fixed costs divided by the quantity of output Average revenue平均收益: Total revenue divided by the quantity sold Average tax rate平均税率: Total taxes paid divided by total income Average total cost平均总成本: Total cost divided by the quantity of output Average variable cost平均可变成本: Variable costs divided by the quantity of output Automatic stabilizers: changes in fiscal policy that stimulate aggregate demand when the economy goes into a recession without policymakers having to take any deliberate action Balance trade: a situation in which exports equal imports Benefits principle受益原则: The idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government services Bond: a certificate of indebtedness Budget constraint预算约束: The limit on the consumption bundles that a consu