#语言学 第九章discourse analysis.ppt

Chapter 9 Discourse analysis Focuses: 1. discourse 2. cohesion 3. coherence 4. schema 1. Discourse Numerous approaches to study lge, two distinct perspectives: lge as system: try to describe the whole of it, which is made up of 3 layers (sub-systems): meaning (the semantic system), wording (the syntactical system and the morphological system) sounding (the phonological system). lge as activity: studying the way lge is used for real-life communication and social interaction (e.g. chatting, lecturing, writing an email). They observe that there is an interaction between activity and system. 1) we need to draw on our knowledge of lge as a system to communicate; 2)we are constantly picking up new stuff , which we add to our store of that knowledge. Lge as activity in social interaction: discourse, a general term for examples of lge use, i.e. lge which has been produced as the result of an act of communication; the larger units of lge such as paragraphs, conversations, and interviews. The linguistic form (or record) of discourse is called text. The same text may function as different discourses in different situations. E.g. “what a nice day” on a sunny spring day and saying so on a bitterly cold winter day are different discourses, yet they have the same text. Discourse is: lge above the sentence or above the clause a continuous stretch of spoken lge larger than a sentence, often constituting a coherent unit a stretch of lge perceived to be meaningful unified and purposive; lge in use (viewed) as social practice determined by social structures Structural or textual definition of discourse: Discourse is a particular unit of lge (above the sentence). Functional definition of discourse: Discourse is a particular focus of lge use. Structural approach to discourse Find the constituents that have particular relationships with each other and that can occur in a restricted number of arrangements; Problems: units in which people speak do not a