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Part I INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY 1 The History and Scope of Microbiology CHAPTER OVERVIEW This chapter introduces the field of microbiology and discusses the importance of microorganisms not only as causative agents of disease but also as important contributors to food production, antibiotic manufacture, vaccine development, and environmental management. It presents a brief history of the science of microbiology, an overview of the microbial world, a discussion of the scope and relevance of microbiology in today’s society, and predictions about the future of microbiology. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter you should be able to: ? define the science of microbiology and describe some of the general methods used in the study of microorganisms ? discuss the historical concept of spontaneous generation and the experiments that were performed to disprove this erroneous idea ? discuss how Koch’s postulates are used to establish the causal link between a suspected microorganism and a disease ? describe some of the various activities of microorganisms that are beneficial to humans ? describe procaryotic and eucaryotic morphology and the distribution of microorganisms among the various kingdoms or domains in which living organisms are categorized ? discuss the importance of the field of microbiology to other areas of biology and to general human welfare CHAPTER OUTLINE Microbiology – An Introduction Microbiology is the study of organisms too small to be clearly seen by the unaided eye (i.e., microorganisms); these include viruses, bacteria, archaea, protozoa, algae, and fungi Some microbes (e.g., algae and fungi) are large enough to be visible, but are still included in the field of microbiology; it has been suggested that microbiology be defined not only by the size of the organisms studied but by techniques employed to study them (isolation, sterilization, culture in artificial media) The Discovery of Microorganisms Invisible living cre