PolitenessPrinciple分析.pptVIP

Summary 1 得体准则 tact maxim 利益分配 2 慷慨准则 Generosity maxim 3 赞誉准则 approbation maxim 评价 4 谦虚准则 modest maxim 5 一致准则 agreement maxim 对待他人的态度 6 同情准则 sympathy maxim Relationship between PPCP Lecch claims that CP alone cannot fully explain how people talk. It can only explain how conversational implicature is given rise to but it does not tell us why people do not say directly what they mean. That is, he claims that CP is insufficient to explain the indirectness in conversation. Therefore, he believed that “PP can be seen not just another principle to be added to the CP, but as its necessary complement which rescues the CP from serious trouble.”(Leech, 1983:80) Leech 用下面两个例子来说明CP是对PP的“必要的补充”： 1. A: We will all miss Bill and Mary, won’t we? B: Well, we will all miss BILL. 2. C: Someone’s eaten the chocolate off the cake. D: It wasn’t ME. (Leech, 1983:80) 1中B只回答了A的问题的一半，显然违背了数量准则。B的言外之意是“我们不会想念Mary”。显然理解B的言外之意不能仅仅依靠CP，B完全可以接着说“… but not Mary”，则完全符合CP。但是如果是这样的话，就对Mary 没有礼貌。所以B是为了遵循PP才违背了CP。 2中是家长与孩子的对话。C并没有直接指责D，似乎D的辩解违背了相关准则。其实不然。C并不知道是谁吃了蛋糕上的巧克力，但怀疑是D。出于礼貌，C 没有直接指责D；他的话虽然符合质量准则。但不完全符合数量准则。D 理解C的言外之意是间接批评，因此才声明自己没有吃。可以看出，D的话之所以似乎违背相关准则是因为它是在回答C的言外之意，而C的言外之意产生于“PP”（Leech，1983：81）。 Face Theory 1.Put forward by Brown and Levinson. 2.Face, in pragmatics, is your public self-image. This is the emotional and social sense of self that every person has and expects everyone else to recognize or to claim for himself. 3. Brown 和Levinson 将面子分为positive face(正面面子) 和negative face (负面面子)。 Positive face: the positive consistent self-image that people have and want to be appreciated and approved of by at least some other people. 积极面子是指希望得到别人的赞同和肯定. Negative face: the need to be independent and to have freedom from imposition; essentially the desire that wants your actions not be constrained or impeded by others. 消极面子是指不希望别人强加于自己,自己的行为不受别人的干涉或阻碍或者是不因迁就别人而使自己感到丢面子. 4. Face-threatening act: the act that infringes on the hearer’s need to maintai