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lesson13 britania rues the waveslesson13 britannia rues the waves.doc

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lesson13 britania rues the waveslesson13 britannia rues the waves

Unit 13 Britannia Rues the Waves Andrew Neil I. Background Materials: 1. How Britain gained naval supremacy 1) In mediaeval times, the trade of the world and the center of maritime power lay in the Mediterranean Sea. 2) The discovery of the Cope route to India and the discovery of the American continent shifted the center from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic Ocean. 3) The early major sea powers were the Netherlands荷兰, Portugal葡萄牙, Spain and France. 4) Henry Ⅶ (1485-1509) laid the foundation of the British merchant navy. 5) Henry Ⅷ (1941-1547) founded the British Royal Navy. He created ships specially manned and commissioned to fight and his shipbuilders designed a new kind of ship (firing broadsides), better adapted to the ocean and to maneuvering in battles. 6) In 1588, ElizabethⅠ(1558-1603) defeated the Spanish Armada, a fleet of 130 great ships, sent by King Philip Ⅱ of Spain against England. There was a running gun fight in the British Channel and the Armada was routed. The remnant of the Spanish fleet later met a storm along the coasts of Scotland and Ireland. Out of the 1`30 ships, only about half reached home. This victory established England as a major sea power. 7) The battle of Trafalgar took place on October 21, 1805, between the British fleet and the combined French and Spanish fleet, off Spain’s Cape Trafalgar. The British fleet, 33 ships in all, was commanded by Admiral Nelson. The battle ended with the capture of 20 French ships. Nelson was badly wounded and died shortly before the battle came to an end. The victory established Britain’s naval supremacy which was unchallenged for over a century. 2. Some facts and figures about the recent naval expansion of the Soviet Union 1) The total tonnage of the Soviet maritime fleet in 1950 was 2:1 million tons, ranking 21 in world tonnage. Between 1971 and 1975, the Soviet Union spent ＄2.8 billion on buying 990 ships from Japan, Britain and other European countries. By 1979, the Soviet Union had a fleet of 7