毕业设计(论文) 英文翻译毕业设计(论文) 英文翻译.docVIP

毕 业 设 计（论 文）外 文 参 考 资 料 及 译 文 译文题目： 基坑设计 学生姓名： 卢开强 学 号： 1121409009 专 业： M111土木工程 （建筑工程）（专转本） 所在学院： 建筑工程学院 指导教师： 林献民 左熹 职 称： 讲师 2012年12月20日 High-Rise Buildings Introduction It is difficult to define a high-rise building . One may say that a low-rise building ranges from 1 to 2 stories . A medium-rise building probably ranges between 3 or 4 stories up to 10 or 20 stories or more . Tall steel buildings began in early development. Reinforced concrete and shell-tube system has been economically and competitively used for a large number of residential and commercial structures. Because of the innovation and development of new structural system, now from 50 to 100-storey high-rise buildings across the United States. Although the basic principles of vertical and horizontal subsystem design remain the same for low- , medium- , or high-rise buildings , when a building gets high the vertical subsystems become a controlling problem for two reasons . Higher vertical loads will require larger columns , walls , and shafts . But , more significantly , the overturning moment and the shear deflections produced by lateral forces are much larger and must be carefully provided for . The vertical subsystems in a high-rise building transmit accumulated gravity load from story to story , thus requiring larger column or wall sections to support such loading . In addition these same vertical subsystems must transmit lateral loads , such as wind or seismic loads , to the foundations. However , in contrast to vertical load , lateral load effects on buildings are not linear and increase rapidly with increase in height . For example under wind load , the overturning moment at the base of buildings varies approximately as the square of a buildings may vary as the fourth power of buildings height , other things being equal. Earthquake produces an even