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finite mixture distribution model with indicator kriging to delineate and map the spatial patterns of soil heavy metal pollution in Chunghua County, central Taiwan??Original Research Article Environmental Pollution, Volume 158, Issue 1, January 2010, Pages 235-244 Yu-Pin Lin, Bai-You Cheng, Guey-Shin Shyu, Tsun-Kuo Chang
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AbstractAbstract | Figures/TablesFigures/Tables | ReferencesReferences
Abstract
This study identifies the natural background, anthropogenic background and distribution of contamination caused by heavy metal pollutants in soil in Chunghua County of central Taiwan by using a finite mixture distribution model (FMDM). The probabilities of contaminated area distribution are mapped using single-variable indicator kriging and multiple-variable indicator kriging (MVIK) with the FMDM cut-off values and regulation thresholds for heavy metals. FMDM results indicate that Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn can be individually fitted by a mixture model representing the background and contamination distributions of the four metals in soil. The FMDM cut-off values for contamination caused by the metals are close to the regulation thresholds, except for the cut-off value of Zn. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve validates that indicator kriging and MVIK with FMDM cut-off values can reliably delineate heavy metals contamination, particularly for areas lacking background information and high heavy metal concentrations in soil.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Data and methods
2.1. Study area and sampling data
2.2. Finite mixture distribution model
2.3. Determination of threshold values for heavy metal concentrations in soil
2.4. Indicator kriging and multivariate indicator kriging
2.5. Validation of soil contaminations
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Finite mixture distribution models of heavy metal contaminants in soil
3.2. Background concentrations of heavy metals in soil
3.3. Cut-off va
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