第10章 外部性.pptVIP

外部性的私人解决方法 为什么私人解决方法并不总是有效 高交易成本 谈判容易破裂 利益群体人数众多 协调每个人代价高昂 ? 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. * 外部性 外部性 一个人的行为对旁观者福利的无补偿的影响 市场失灵 负外部性 对旁观者带来了成本 正外部性 对旁观者带来了利益 ? 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. * 外部性 负外部性 汽车尾气 狗吠声 正外部性 保护历史建筑 对新技术的研究 ? 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. * 外部性与市场失灵 福利经济学 ：回顾 需求曲线: 对消费者的价值 愿意支付的价格 供给曲线: 生产者的成本 数量和价格的均衡 效率 最大化生产者和消费者的总剩余 ? 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. * 图 1 * ? 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 铝市场 Price of Aluminum Quantity of Aluminum 0 Demand (private value) Supply (private cost) 需求曲线反映对买者的价值，而供给曲线反映卖者的成本。均衡数量，即Q市场，使买者总价值减卖者总成本最大化。因此，在没有外部性时，市场均衡是有效率的。 QMARKET Equilibrium 外部性与市场失灵 负的外部性 社会成本 大于对生产者面对的成本 ? 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a passwor