Chapter For Syntax.docVIP

Chapter From Word to Text 要点精梳 1.Introduction 简介 1）Definition of syntax句法学定义 It refers to the study of the rules governing, the way words are combined to reform sentences. Since sentence is usually regarded as the largest grammatical unit of a language, syntax has long been the centre of grammatical Study. 句法学是指研究语言中此组合成句子的支配规则，或者简单地说，是研究句子的构造。通常认为句子是语言中最大的语法单位，所以句法长期以来是语法研究的中心。 2) Representative approaches to syntax 代表性的语法研究学派 Different linguistic theories first differ in their treatment .Of sentence structure. In this chapter, the following approaches to syntax will be introduced : the traditional approach , the Structural approach , the generative approach , the functional approach（the Prague school）and the systemic-function grammar (Holliday’s approach). 不同的语言理论首先体现在对句子结构的不同处理上。本章将要介绍一下几种流派：传统学派，结构主义学派，生成学派，功能学派（布拉格语言学派）和系统功能学派（韩礼德学派）。 2.Syntactic Relations The syntactic relation refers to the relation between words in a sentence ,which can be studied from both vertical and latitudinal perspectives .generally speaking ,the syntactic relations include three basic types: positional relation ,relation of substitutability and relations of co-occurrence .the first type belongs to overt relations, while the rest two belong to covert relations . 2.句法关系 句法关系是指在句子组合中词和词之间的关系，通常可以从水平和垂直两个维度来考查。一般说来，句法关系有三种：位置关系，替代关系和共现关系。第一种关系是显性关系，后两种则是隐性关系。 positional relation It refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language . So it is also called word order. It is the basic syntactic relation , and also the requirement of grammatical acceptability and semantic intelligibility of human language. 位置关系 位置关系是指语言中词的排列顺序。因此位置关系又叫词序。位置关系是任何人类语言中的基本句法关系，也是语言的句法可接受性和语义可以理解性的需求。 relation of substitutability It refers to classes of sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in the same sentence. 替代关系 替代关系是指在同一句子中相同此类或形同词汇集合的词从语法的角度讲可以相互替换。 co-occurrence It refers to that words of different sets or classes may permit , or require ,the occurrence of a w