瑞典教育的传统与综合学校制度.pptVIP

From Religious Indoctrination and Hierarchies to Meritocracy and Equality Discourse The Development of Swedish Education Up to the Comprehensive School 瑞典教育的传统与综合学校制度 Holger Daun Institute of International Education Department of Education, Stockholm University 瑞典斯德哥尔摩大学国际教育研究所所长霍尔格 Paper presented at the workshop in connection with The celebration of the 50th anniversary of the founding of China National Institute of Educational Research January 2007 Introduction/引言 Sweden is different from many other countries in that瑞典在以下方面跟其它国家有所不同: it has a long tradition of relative democracy, 相对民主传统较长 it has been culturally homogeneous, 一直是文化同质 popular movements emerged from the grassroots level even before a firm nation-state had been formed, and it has centuries of a large proportion of literate people. 在强有力的国家形成之前在平民层次就发生了广泛运动 数个世纪以来受过教育的人一直占人口的大部分 The Swedish Society and Education Before the 19th Century / 19世纪之前的瑞典社会和教育 The Swedish society was predominantly a rural and agricultural society 瑞典主要是一个农业社会 Some parts of the country had a feudal system with a large landless class working for the landlords, while most areas were inhabited by free and self-owning peasants 一些地方还是封建制度,大量无地阶级为地主劳作,大部分地区生活着自由拥有自己土地的农民. The population was stratified into four different estates: the Nobles, the Priests, the Burgers and the Farmers, and these four estates were represented in the National Parliament. 人口分成了四个不同的阶层:贵族\牧师\农民.这四个阶层在国会中都有代表. The Swedish Society and Education Before the 19th Century / 19世纪之前的瑞典社会和教育 Internationally, Sweden became a Great Power in the 17th century 世界范围来看,瑞典17世纪成为大国. After periods of war lasting until the first decades of the 18th century, the country was repeatedly defeated and lost its international position. 持续到18世纪头十年的不断的战争,这个国家一再被击败,丧失了它的国际地位. The Swedish Society and Education Before the 19th Century/ 19世纪之前的瑞典社会和教育 With the Reformation, the new branch of Christianity (Protestantism or Lutheranism), was separated