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Medical Ethics Introduction   Nowadays, conflicts of interests between the government and medical institutions, between medical institutions and medical personnel, between physicians and patients are getting more and more serious and complex. High technologies not only brought us hopes of cure but have also created a heavy economic burden. The ethical dilemmas of high technology medicine-brain death, organ transplantation, and concerns about quality of life-have become increasingly prominent. A new and more specific code of ethics must be developed to meet the demands of social development and medical service. This new code integrates the traditional medical ethics with modern principles and values. Section 1: Morality, Ethics Section 2: Professional ethics, medical ethics, bioethics, clinical ethics Section 3: The History of Medical Ethics Section 1: Morality, Ethics 1.What is Morality The science of human duty; the rules of human conduct. The function of morality is to combat the deleterious consequences of human sympathies (Beauchamp). Its aim is to contribute to betterment -- or at least non-deterioration -- of the human predicament (Warnock). Ethics aims at discovering what are those other properties belonging to all things which are good (Moore). 2.What is Ethics? Ethics are standards of conduct (or social norms) that prescribe behavior. Ethics as a field of study is a normative discipline whose main goals are prescriptive and evaluative rather than descriptive and explanatory. So Ethicists are different from social scientists. Ethicists (or moral philosophers) study standards of conduct. But standards of conduct do not describe our actual behavior, since people often violate widely accepted standards. For Example, most people accept the idea that one ought to tell the truth, yet many people lie all of the time. Even though people lie all of the time, we indicate our endorsement of honesty as a standa