Application profiles of integrated circuits in various industry fields.docVIP

Application profiles of integrated circuits in various industry fields 　　Abstract：Integrated circuits play an increasingly important role in various fields. The aging effects， which lead to robustness problems in integrated circuits， has gained more attention. Therefore， during the design process the robustness problem must already be calculated. Generally， the time-dependent influences such as NBTI （negative bias temperature instability） and HCI （hot carrier injection） contribute to circuit aging problems [1]. 　　Index Terms：Robustness；NBTI；HCI；Temperature；Voltage 　　1 INTRODUCTION 　　WITH the rapid development of technology and industry， integrated circuits play an increasingly important role in various fields， for instance unmanned vehicle and the anti-pinch function for cars. However， the stability also known as Robustness of these mentioned systems is very important. Robustness is the ability of a system to respond to a faulty operation， to retain the initial steady state. For security reasons， a robust system in different applications is of great importance， especially in the automotive and aerospace industry with applications such as automatic collision avoidance and autopilot. This also applies to applications of health care or rescue equipment [2]， where only small uncertainties of such a system may even result in fatal accidents. Therefore， during the design process the robustness problem must already be calculated. In order to reduce production costs and to improve functions， integrated circuits are continuously miniaturized， this results in an amplification of the aging effects. As a result， the robustness of systems are affected. It is generally considered， that the effects of NBTI and HCI are the two main factors to activate the aging of a circuit. 　　An aging circuit can be regarded as a time-dependent variation which has received increasing attention in the field of electronic designs. Both effects of NBTI and HCI depend primarily on the supply