9 oligopoly.pptVIP

9 Oligopoly 寡头 In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions: What outcomes are possible under oligopoly? Why is it difficult for oligopoly firms to cooperate? What is the prisoners’ dilemma? And what does it have to do with oligopoly? BETWEEN MONOPOLY AND PERFECT COMPETITION Imperfect competition refers to those market structures that fall between perfect competition and pure monopoly. 不完全竞争是指那些处于完全竞争与垄断之间的市场结构。 BETWEEN MONOPOLY AND PERFECT COMPETITION Types of Imperfectly Competitive Markets Oligopoly 寡头 Only a few sellers, each offering a similar or identical product to the others. 只有几个卖者，他们提供类似或者相同的商品。 Monopolistic Competition 垄断竞争 Many firms selling products that are similar but not identical. 许多企业出售类似的但并不相同的产品。 Figure 1 The Four Types of Market Structure MARKETS WITH ONLY A FEW SELLERS Because of the few sellers, the key feature of oligopoly is the tension between cooperation and self-interest. 由于只有几个卖者，寡头的关键特征是合作与利己之间的冲突。 MARKETS WITH ONLY A FEW SELLERS Characteristics of an Oligopoly Market Few sellers offering similar or identical products 几个卖者出售类似的或者相同的产品。 Interdependent firms 相互依存的企业。 Best off cooperating and acting like a monopolist by producing a small quantity of output and charging a price above marginal cost 通过生产很少的产出数量以及索取超过边际成本的价格，在协同操作与行为上类似于垄断者。 A Duopoly Example A duopoly is an oligopoly with only two members. It is the simplest type of oligopoly. 双寡头是一种只有两个成员的寡头，它是寡头最简单的类型。 Table 1 The Demand Schedule for Water Figure 2 The Market for Water A Duopoly Example Price and Quantity Supplied The price of water in a perfectly competitive market would be driven to where the marginal cost is zero: P = MC = $0 Q = 120 gallons The price and quantity in a monopoly market would be where total profit is maximized: P = $60 Q = 60 gallons Competition, Monopolies, and Cartels The duopolists may agree on a monopoly outcome. 双寡头也许赞同垄断结果 Collusion 合谋 An agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge. 在某一市场中的企业之间就