03TheBasicsofExperimentalDesign-20140312.docVIP

幻灯片1 The Basics of Experimental Design Sid Sytsma 1 幻灯片2 What is Experimental Design? Experimental design is a planned interference （干涉）in the natural order of events by the researcher. 2 幻灯片3 What is Experimental Design? Much of the substantial gain （大量的增加）in knowledge in all sciences has come from actively manipulating (处理) or interfering （干涉）with the stream of events . 3 幻灯片4 What is Experimental Design? A selected condition or a change (treatment) is introduced. Observations or measurements are planned to illuminate （说明）the effect of any change in conditions. 4 幻灯片5 What is Experimental Design? The importance of experimental design also stems from the quest for inference （推理/推断） about causes or relationships as opposed to （对照） simply description. 5 幻灯片6 What is Experimental Design? Researchers want to make inferences about what produced, contributed to （造成）, or caused events. 6 幻灯片7 What is Experimental Design? To gain such information without ambiguity （毫不含糊）, some form of experimental design is ordinarily （一般）required. 7 幻灯片8 What is Experimental Design? As a consequence, the need for using rather elaborate designs （精致设计） ensues from （由…产生） the possibility of alternative relationships, consequences or causes. 8 幻灯片9 What is Experimental Design? The purpose of the design is to rule out （排除） these alternative causes, leaving only the actual factor that is the real cause. 9 幻灯片10 What is Experimental Design? The plan that we choose to call a design is an essential part of research strategies （研究策略）. 10 幻灯片11 What is Experimental Design? The design itself entails （需要）: selecting or assigning subjects to experimental units （实验单元） selecting or assigning units for specific treatments or conditions of the experiment (experimental manipulation （实验操作）) 11 幻灯片12 What is Experimental Design? The design itself entails （需要）: Specifying （规定） the order or arrangement of the treatment or treatments specifying the sequence of observations or measurem