【神经】复习纲要最终版论述.docVIP

神经科学导论 ，3.举例说明神经系统结构和功能在进化上的保守性及对环境适应性； 保守性： 1.For example, similar fear reaction for many different species (the same behavioral trait) which evolved from a common ancestor. Advantageous presumably because it facilitated escape from predators.Because behavior reflects the activity of the nervous system, we can infer that the brain mechanisms that underlie this fear reaction may be similar across these species. 抢乌贼巨大轴突，神经电冲动传导，适用于人类 如大鼠有机会重复自我摄取可卡因，也会明显成瘾。 环境适应性： 猴在树梢上跳跃与敏锐视觉，大鼠虽然“鼠目寸光”在洞中穿行与嘴边的触须。 突触传递 基于结构的突触分类： Two categories of CNS synaptic membrane differentiations. (a) A Gray’s type I synapse is asymmetrical and usually excitatory. (b) A Gray’s type II synapse is symmetrical and usually inhibitory. 外周化学突触神经肌接头的结构特征及功能意义： 相同之处：Neuromuscular junctions occur between the axons of motor neurons of the spinal cord and skeletal muscle. NMJ has many of the structural features of chemical synapses in the CNS. 特征 结构：The neuromuscular junction： The postsynaptic membrane, known as the motor endplate, contains junctional folds with numerous neurotransmitter receptors. 功能：Neuromuscular synaptic transmission is fast and reliable. An AP in the motor axon always causes an AP in the muscle cell it innervates (What structural features for this reliability?) 3.化学突触传递的基本原理（要点） Synthesis and package into vesicles of neurotransmitter (NT); 突触合成 单胺类和氨基酸类： ?????酶运输到轴突终末，将前提物质合成神经递质 ? 转运体蛋白浓缩神经递质入突触囊泡并存储. 肽类： ? 肽链前提在胞体合成? 高尔基体中裂解合成活性肽链 出芽形成分泌囊泡 分泌颗粒运输到轴突终末存储 Release of vesicle NT to cleft in response to a presynaptic AP; 突触前动作电位诱导递质释放 动作电位→突触前膜去极化→ 电压门控钙离子通道激活（[Ca2+]i0.0002 mM → 0.1 mM）→囊泡释放（胞吐）→递质释放入突触间隙 囊泡释放（胞吐）：[Ca2+]i 增加诱发已经锚定的囊泡与突触前膜融合以及储备囊泡从细胞骨架释放并锚定到活性带。突触囊泡借助一系列囊泡膜蛋白和突触膜蛋白的相互作用完成入坞（docking）、启动（priming）、融合（fusion）过程，称作SNARE假说。 补充：SNARE: SNAP Receptor SNAP: Soluble NSF Attach Protein NSF: N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (N-乙基马来酰亚胺敏感的融合因子) Induction of an electrical or biochemical response to NT in the postsynaptic neuron 突触后面反应 递质门控离子通道→EPSP（Ex