四、K-5 阅读标准：基本技能.docVIP

P16-17 Reading Standards: Foundational Skills (K–5) 阅读标准：基本技能K–5) These standards are directed toward fostering students’ understanding and working knowledge of concepts of print, the alphabetic principle, and other basic conventions of the English writing system. These foundational skills are not an end in and of themselves; rather, they are necessary and important components of an effective, comprehensive reading program designed to develop proficient readers with the capacity to comprehend texts across a range of types anddisciplines. Instruction should be differentiated: good readers will need much less practice with these concepts than struggling readers will. The point is to teach students what they need to learn and not what they already know—to discern when particular children or activities warrant more or less attention. 这些标准直接针对培养学生关于印刷出版物、按字母顺序的原则和英语写作系统其他基本原则的概念的理解和应用知识。这些基本的技能并不是目的本身，相反，它们是一份有效、?全面的阅读计划的必要和重要的组成部分，该阅读计划旨在培养具有熟练的阅读与理解各种类型和学科的文本的能力的读者。应该进行有差异的指导：高水平的读者相比在阅读中苦苦挣扎的读者在对于这些概念的练习会少得多。关键是教学生了解他们需要学习什么而不是他们已经知道什么——辨别时特别是儿童或活动值得受到或多或少的关注。 Note: In kindergarten, children are expected to demonstrate increasing awareness and competence in the areas that follow. 在幼儿园里，孩子们越来越多的意识和能力。Print Concepts 纸质出版物的概念 Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features of print. 表明对纸质出版物的组织基本特征。 Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features of print 表明组织基本特征。 Follow words from left to right, top to bottom, and page by page. 按照从左到右，从到，。 a. Recognize the distinguishing features of a sentence (e.g., first word, capitalization, ending punctuation)（例如，第一个单词，大小写，结束标点符号） b. Recognize that spoken words are represented in written language by specific sequences of letters. 认识到在书面语言中 c. Understand that words are separated by spaces in print. 理解在空格分隔 d. Recognize and name all upper- and lowercase letters of the alphabet 认识并且能说出字母表中所有大写和小写字母 Phonological Awareness 2. Demonstrate understanding of spoken word