土地资源专业英语Lesson1.ppt

Lesson1:Three Themes: Efficiency, Optimality and Sustainability 1、three themes:effciency,optimality, sustainability 2、the emergence of resource and enviromental economics（产生 亚当斯密 看不见的手） 3、resource and enviromental economics（马尔萨斯、大卫李嘉图、穆勒） 4、neoclassical economics:marginal theory and value(新古典经济学的发展） 1.Three themes 1.1 efficiency One way of thinking about effciency is in terms of missed opportunities. 在经济分析中，低效率是一种机会的流失 It is often argued that much energy is produced or used inefficiently ,and that if different techniques were employed signifcant resource savings could be gained with no loss in terms of final ouput. Even where resources are used in technically efficient ways,net benefits are sometimes aquandered 通过使用不同的技术有可能可以节约资源但也会因污染等原因而存在配置失效的问题。 A substantial part of environmental economics is concerned with how economics might avoild in the allocation and use of natural and enviromental resources 因此生活生产中旨在解决如何避免自然和环境资源配置和利用中效率低下的问题。 1.2 optimality Then a resouce-use choice is optimal if it maximizes that objective given any relevant constraints that may be operating. Efficiency is a necessary condition for optimality . Efficiency is not a suffcient condition for optimality. 优化是从全体社会立场来考虑的 效率是优化的必要条件，而效率不是优化的充分条件。 1.3 sustainability The pursuit of optimality as usually considered in economics will not necessarily take adequate care of posterity. 经济学所关心的优化不一定是为子孙后代着想的。 作为一个伦理义务，在优化的前提下应该考虑可持续性。 Key words Energy inefficiency 能源失效 Allocative inefficiencies 配置无效 net benefit 纯收益 Multiplicity [,m?lt?‘pl?s?ti]多样性，多重性 Posterity [pɑst?r?ti] 子孙，后裔；后代 Redundant [r?d?nd?nt]多余的，过剩的；被解雇的，失业的；冗长的，累赘的 2 .The emergence of resource and environmental economics While the emergence of natural resource and environmental economics as a distinct sub-discipline has been a relatively recent event,concern with the substance of natural resource and environmental issues has much easier antecedents. A recurring theme of political-economic debate concerned the appropriate institu