pragmatics9 语用学和跨文化交际.pptVIP

Chapter 9 Discourse and culture 1. A reference book for the relationship between language and culture: 《语言与文化》，（Language and Culture), Claire Kramsch著，上海外语教育出版社，2000 2. Some passages from the above book: 2.1 Discourse communities, constituted, as we saw in Chapter 1, by common purposes, common interests, and beliefs, implicitly share a stock of prior texts and ideological points of view that have developed over time. These in turn encourage among their members common norms of interaction with, and interpretation of, texts that Chapter 9 Discourse and culture may be accepted or rejected by the members of these communities. The pressure to conform to these norms is exerted by the schools, the media, and by national and professional institutions. 2.2 It is widely believed that there is a natural connection between the language spoken by members of a social group and that group’s identity. By their accent, their vocabulary, their discourse patterns, speakers identify themselves and are identified as members of this or that speech and discourse community. Chapter 9 Discourse and culture 3. Cultural schema 3.1 schema A schema is a pre-existing knowledge structure in memory. Our ability to arrive automatically at interpretations of the unwritten and the unsaid must be based on pre-existing knowledge structures. These structures function like familiar patterns from previous experience that we use to interpret new experiences. Chapter 9 Discourse and culture 3. Cultural schema 3.2 culture schema A culture schema is the schema formed in a certain culture. It is almost inevitable that our background knowledge, structures, our schemata for making sense of the world, will be culturally determined. Chapter 9 Discourse and culture 4. cross-cultural communication Cross-cultural communication generally refers to the communication between speakers from different language and cultural background. Broadly, it can refer to communication between speaker