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What do you notice about these phrases? radar racecar Madam I’m Adam Able was I ere I saw Elba a man, a plan, a canal, Panama Was it a bar or a bat I saw? Chapter 20. The BIG Questions… How can we use our knowledge of DNA to: diagnose disease or defect? cure disease or defect? change/improve organisms? What are the techniques applications of biotechnology? direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes Biotechnology Genetic manipulation of organisms is not new humans have been doing this for thousands of years plant animal breeding Evolution breeding of food plants Evolution of Zea mays from ancestral teosinte (left) to modern corn (right). The middle figure shows possible hybrids of teosinte early corn varieties Evolution breeding of food plants “Descendants” of the wild mustard Brassica spp. Animal husbandry / breeding Biotechnology today Genetic Engineering manipulation of DNA if you are going to engineer DNA genes organisms, then you need a set of tools to work with this unit is a survey of those tools… Bioengineering Tool kit Basic Tools restriction enzymes ligase plasmids / cloning DNA libraries / probes Advanced Tools PCR DNA sequencing gel electrophoresis Southern blotting microarrays Cut, Paste, Copy, Find… Word processing metaphor… cut restriction enzymes paste ligase copy plasmids bacteria transformation PCR find Southern blotting / probes Cut DNA Restriction enzymes restriction endonucleases discovered in 1960s evolved in bacteria to cut up foreign DNA (“restriction”) protection against viruses  other bacteria bacteria protect their own DNA by methylation by not using the base sequences recognized by the enzymes in their own DNA Restriction enzymes Action of enzyme cut DNA at specific sequences restriction site symmetrical “palindrome” produces protruding ends sticky ends Many different enzymes named after organism they are found in EcoRI, HindIII, BamHI, SmaI Discovery of restriction enzymes Biotech use of restriction enzymes P