《哈佛大学公开课《公正：该如何做是好》：第二课：英文字幕》.docVIP

1 00:00:03,710 -- 00:00:06,250 Funding for this program is provided by: 2 00:00:07,779 -- 00:00:09,140 Additional funding provided by: 3 00:00:29,990 -- 00:00:34,860 Last time, we argued about 4 00:00:34,960 -- 00:00:37,760 the case of The Queen v. Dudley Stephens, 5 00:00:39,600 -- 00:00:42,870 the lifeboat case, the case of cannibalism at sea. 6 00:00:44,040 -- 00:00:49,820 And with the arguments about the lifeboat in mind, 7 00:00:50,000 -- 00:00:53,060 the arguments for and against what Dudley and Stephens did in mind, 8 00:00:53,339 -- 00:01:00,160 lets turn back to the philosophy, the utilitarian philosophy of Jeremy Bentham. 9 00:01:02,120 -- 00:01:06,780 Bentham was born in England in 1748. At the age of 12, he went to Oxford. 10 00:01:07,399 -- 00:01:11,700 At 15, he went to law school. He was admitted to the Bar at age 19 11 00:01:11,920 -- 00:01:14,100 but he never practiced law. 12 00:01:14,800 -- 00:01:19,820 Instead, he devoted his life to jurisprudence and moral philosophy. 13 00:01:21,800 -- 00:01:26,500 Last time, we began to consider Benthams version of utilitarianism. 14 00:01:27,880 -- 00:01:30,860 The main idea is simply stated and its this: 15 00:01:33,039 -- 00:01:37,540 The highest principle of morality, whether personal or political morality, 16 00:01:39,000 -- 00:01:45,300 is to maximize the general welfare, or the collective happiness, 17 00:01:46,679 -- 00:01:48,660 or the overall balance of pleasure over pain; 18 00:01:50,160 -- 00:01:53,540 in a phrase, maximize utility. 19 00:01:56,280 -- 00:01:59,540 Bentham arrives at this principle by the following line of reasoning: 20 00:02:00,919 -- 00:02:02,420 Were all governed by pain and pleasure, 21 00:02:03,280 -- 00:02:06,380 they are our sovereign masters, and so any moral system 22 00:02:06,600 -- 00:02:07,900 has to take account of them. 23 00:02:09,120 -- 00:02:11,860 How best to take account? By maximizing. 24 00:02:13,920 -- 00:02:17,980 And this leads to the principle of the great