TheCivilWars.pptVIP

The Civil Wars The Civil War I The Civil War II The Civil War I 1642—1646 Over the winter of 1641-1642 relations between king and parliament broke down entirely. The first civil war started on 22 August 1642 when Charles I raised his standard at Nottingham. He soon moved on to establish his headquarters at Oxford from where he controlled the west. 1642年8月，查理一世 在诺丁汉城堡 升起国王的军旗， 宣布讨伐议会， 发动内战。 Two Camps Royalists support king : the feudal aristocracies , the Established Church and most palatines Parliament supporters puritans : New aristocracies, bourgeois, tradesmen, farmers and artisans Strength : Royalist ＜Parliament Break Out Emergency In London 伦敦告急 King Military Conductor/ Leader: Charles I and Prince Rupert Parliament Commander-In-Chief : Lord Essex Puritans : ① Presbyterians（长老派 : the right wing, in favor of a compromise agreement with the king through warfare and negotiation. ②Independents（独立派）: the left wing ,rejecting any compromise. 叱咤风云的统帅—克伦威尔 英国著名的政治家、 军事家、宗教领袖 资产阶级和 新贵族的代表人物 Oliver Cromwell 奥利弗 克伦威尔 New Model Army 新模范军） 又叫 “铁骑军” Ironsides The Battle of Moor, Marston（马斯顿 荒原之战）1644.7月初 The Battle of Naseby 纳西比战役）1645.6.14 The first civil war ended with the victory of parliament military in 1647. 1644年克伦威尔率领议会军取得马斯顿 荒原战役的胜利 The Battle of Moor, Marston 《自抑法》 The Self-denying Ordinance 原因：国会军总司令埃塞克斯等人昏庸无能、消极怠战。 1644年12月，国会下院通过。 规定：议员不得担任军职。 The Battle of Naseby 1645.6.14 The Civil War II 1648年2～8月 After the first civil war, there was the main contradiction between parliament and military. Presbyterians controlled the parliament, while Independents held the military. At this time ,another radicals appeared--Levelers mainly soldiers who advocated equal distribution of land and property. 《人民公约》 Agreement of the People , 平等派 （Levellers）提出的一项社会公约，要求所有生而自由的英国人享有参加一个权利分散的民主国家的充分权利；所有担任公职的人只能在短期内任职，并且应对他们的选民负责；任何人都可以自由地信仰某一种宗教或从事自己愿意的任何一种基督教形式，而不应受到议会和政府的侵犯 普特尼辩论 Putney Debates，1647年10月28日—11月8日 艾尔顿多次强调缔约和继承的自然权利，事实上