GeneralSurveyofRhetoric.pptVIP

General Survey of Rhetoric What is Rhetoric? The art of using words in speaking or writing so as to persuade or influence others. The World Book Dictionary The art of effectively using language in speech or writing, including the use of figures of speech. Random House Webster’s College Dictionary Rhetoric is the theory of informative and persuasive discourse. D.C. Bryant: Rhetoric: Its Function and Scope Rhetoric is a kind of art which deals with how to manipulate language effectively. C. Brooks and E.P. Warren: Modern Rhetoric Rhetoric should study the misunderstanding in human communication and find a solution to it. I.A. Richards: The Philosophy of Rhetoric What is Rhetoric? 修辞：修饰文字、词句，运用各种表现方式，使语言表达得准确、鲜明而生动有力。（《现代汉语词典 》 ） 修辞：依据题旨情境，运用各种语文材料、 各种表现手法，恰当地表现写说者所要表达的内容的一切活动。（《辞海 》 ） 修辞不过是调整语辞，使达意传情能够适切的一种努力。（陈望道《修辞学发凡 》 ） 修辞是为了有效地表达意旨、交流思想而适应现实语境，利用民族语言各因素以美化语言。（张弓《现代汉语修辞学 》 ） 修辞是指最有效地运用语言，使语言很好地表达思想感情的一种技巧。研究这种技巧的学问，就叫修辞学。换言之，修辞学是以修辞的规律、 方法和语言手段的表现为研究对象的科学。 　（北京大学语言学教研室《现代汉语修辞学 》 ） 运用修辞的原则 运用修辞的原则就是切合语境。 语境 context of situation : 　一是语言本身的环境，即内部语境。它是指词与词、句与句、段与段、篇章内部的种种关系；另一是指语言的社会环境，即外部语境。它包括说话时的具体情景（时间 、地点 、场合等 ）、对话双方的情况（年龄、性别、职业、性格、文化修养、心理状态等）、时代、民族、地区等因素。 Contextualism J. R. Firth held that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps” Two kinds of contexts: situational context and linguistic context Situational context: The speaker and hearer The actions they are performing at the time Various external objects and events Deictic features Linguistic context 英语修辞 English Rhetoric Figures of speech 修辞 are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech. 1. Simile： 明喻 1. Simile： 明喻 It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison b