《Ultrasonic Testing》.pdfVIP

ULTRASONIC TESTING OF STEEL CASTINGS by J . D . Lavender Research Manager. Quality Assurance Group Steel Castings Research Trade Association Sheffield. England TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface 2 Theory of Ultrasonic Flaw Detection 3 Calibration of the Ultrasonic Instrument 7 Calibration and Reference Blocks 7 Longitudinal Wave Probes 7 Transverse Wave Probes 10 Measurement of Steel Thickness 12 Formation of Casting Defects-Ultrasonic and Radiographic Correlation 13 Flaws from Inadequate Feeding. Macro-. Filamentary-. Micro-Shrinkage 13 Flaws from Hindered Contraction. Hot Tears. Cracks 14 Flaws from Gas and Entrapped Air. Airlocks. Gas Holes 19 Ultrasonic Attenuation - Carbon. Low Alloy and Austenitic Steels 22 Influence of Structure on Ultrasonic Attenuation 22 Measurement of Ultrasonic Attenuation 24 Sizing of Flaws and Acceptance Standards 27 Beamspread and Maximum Amplitude Techniques 27 Surface Flaws 30 Beamspread from Transverse Wave Probes 31 Production and Economics of an Ultrasonic Technique 33 References 36 © by Steel Founders Society of America, 1976 CAST METALS FEDERATION BUILDING 20611 CENTER RIDGE ROAD ROCKY RIVER, OHIO 44116 Printed in the United States of America 1 J. D. Lavender was educated at Ecclesfield Grammar School, Nr. Shef- field. He received the Associateship of the Instit