lecture 11 pragmatics II【荐】.ppt

Lecture 11  Pragmatics (2) Teaching focus Principle of conversation Paul Grice’s cooperative Principle and its maxims Conversational implicatures Leech’s politeness principle Revision questions What is pragmatics? What do you know about the speech act theory? Illustrate the three speech acts and analyze the relationship among them. The theory of conversational implicature This is the second major theory in pragmatics proposed by another oxford philosopher Herbert Paul Grice(1913-1988) He delivered some lectures at Harvard in 1967. Grice’s cooperative principle and the conversational implicature: Grice noticed that in daily conversation, people do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them. A: How is John? B; Oh, quite well, I think; he likes his colleges and he has not been to prison.” What are the main ideas of this principle? His ides is that in making a conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. In other words, the participants in a conversation normally communicate in a maximally efficient, rational and cooperative way. They should speak sincerely, relevantly and clearly, while proving sufficient information. This general principle is called the Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. What are the four specific maxims the participant should obey when communicating? 1)????? the maxim of quantity 2)????? The maxim of quality 3)????? The maxim of relevance 4) The maxim of manner The maxim of quantity 数量准则 a. Make your contribution as informative as required for the current purpose of the exchange) (你说的话应包含当前交谈目的所需要的信息内容) b. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.(不要使你的话语的信息内容超出要求) The maxim of quality质量准则 a. Do not say what you believe to be false (不要说你认为是假的话) b. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.不要说你缺乏足够证据的话. The maxim of relation