英语词汇学第10讲.ppt

English Lexicology Readings Task IX Check Chapter 7 8 of A Survey of English Lexicology Key points in the book will be discussed next week Review of Lecture IX 1. Change of Meaning 2. Types of Change Meaning Extension Meaning Narrowing Meaning Elevation Meaning Degradation Meaning Transference 3. Motivations of Change Internal linguistic factors external linguistic factors Lecture X Semantic Relationship Lecture X Semantic Relationship 1. Polysemy 2. Homonymy 3. Synonymy 4. Antonymy 5. Hyponymy Semantic Relationship Semantically, all words are related in one way or another. In light of meaning relations, words can be classified semantically. Polysemy Polysemy means a plurality of meaning. In English as in any language the number of meanings is larger than the number of words. With words, it may be said that polysemy is the rule, and monosemy is the exception. Polysemy Relationship between meaning and concept Word concept referent Polysemy crane 1. A crane is a kind of large bird with a long neck and long legs. 2. A crane is a large machine that moves heavy things by lifting them in the air. e.g. The little hut was lifted away by a huge crane. 3. If you crane your neck or head, you stretch your neck in a particular direction in order to see or hear something better. e.g. She craned her neck to get a better view... Polysemy Please compare the following: He is a father of two girls. He is over 30 now. Why not have a girl? I’ll have a girl help you. Polysemy If polysemy is viewed diachronically, it is understood as the growth and development or, in general, a change in the semantic structure of the word. Semantic changes result as a rule in meanings being added to the ones already existing in the semantic structure of the word. Polysemy Synchronically we understand polysemy as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of the development of the English language. Homonymy Homonyms are words diffe