犯罪学题库.docVIP

犯罪学题库.txt曾经拥有的不要忘记；不能得到的更要珍惜；属于自己的不要放弃；已经失去的留作回忆。一、名词解释题库（要求用英文作答，每题4分，共40分） 1.Classical Criminology. 古典犯罪 A school of thought based upon utilitarian功利Notion观念of free will and the greatest good for the greatest number.At its core核心, classical criminology refers to a belief that a crime is committed after an individual weighs the pros and cons赞成与反对. The decision to commit a crime is a rational清醒的decision, and is best countered抵消 through a deterrence-based system预防性系统. 2.Deterrence Theory. 预防理论 A core principle of classical school and rational 明智的choice theories. This theory states that crime can be controlled through the use of punishments that combine the proper degrees of certainty确定的事, severity苛刻 , and celerity及时. Deterrence is a key element in the U.S. justice system. 3.Free Will. 自由意志 The belief that humans are rational, and have the ability to make decisions according to each individual’s own will and purposes. Under this perspective观点, people can understand the difference between right and wrong, and can choose to commit criminal acts or to follow the law. In later chapters段落章节, this view will be contrasted 对比的with views that claim that crime is a result of biological生物学的, psychological心理学的, or social forces beyond超出 an individual’s control. 4.General Deterrence. 一般预防 General deterrence is the doctrine学说that a community or a society of people can be deterred from committing a criminal act after having witnessed the punishment of an individual or individuals for having committed that act. 5.Rational Choice Theory. 理性选择主义 This is the 1980s formulation公式化(的表述)of classical criminology. While the beliefs of rational choice theory can be traced追溯 back to eighteenth-century philosopher哲学家 Cesare Beccaria, this version版本 adds a new dimension部分 that emphasizes强调 the expanding role of the economist in criminological thought. The emphasis重要意义is placed on the expected reward for committing a crime, and other associated costs and benefits surrounding criminal activi